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ENGLISH 
POLITICAL and CONSTITUTIONAL 

HISTORY 

1600 - 1900 



Spllabus 

Of a Course of Lectures delivered at Cornell University \ 
fuly-August, igo2 



BY 

GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD 



PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 
ITHACA, 1902 



ENGLISH 
POLITICAL ™ CONSTITUTIONAL 

HISTORY 

1600 - 1900 



Spllabus 

Of a Course of Lectures delivered at Cornell University, 
fulj-August, 1902 



BY 

GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD 



PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 
ITHACA, 1902 









p. 

1 24 Mr '03 



The Co-operative Press, 114 Austin St. 
Cambridge 



ENGLISH POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL 

HISTORY. 



CHAPTER I. 



The Overthrow of the Roval Prerogative and the 
Establishment of Responsible Government, 1603-1760. 



Sect. I. The Beginnings of the Puritan Revolution under 
James I, 1603-25. 

I. The outlook at the commencement of the reign (Gardiner, 
Puritan Revolution, 1-12 ; Green, III, ch. I). 

1. Pacific tendencies. 

a. In England: reaction after the Armada (1588). 

b. On the Continent : Peace between Spain and 

France at Vervins, 1598; condition of the 
Netherlands ; state of Germany. 

c. Decline of Cartwright Presbyterianisrn. 

2. State of religious parties. 

a. Puritanism and its significance (see Green; also 

Goodwin, Pilgrim Republic). 

b. Rise of Arminianism. 

II. Accession of James I. 

1. James' descent and claim to the throne. 

2. Character of James : physically and intellectually a 

contrast to the Tudors (Green, III, 55 ff). 

3. Influence of James' experience in Scotland ; influence 

of Knox; Andrew Melville; James and the Kirk. 

4. Pedantry of James (Green, III, 55 ff.) 

III. James and the Puritans. 

1. The Hampton Court Conference, Jan. 1604 (Gee and 
Hardy, 512). 
a. Its purpose: the "Millenary Petition" (Lee, 
338-41 ; Gee and Hardy, 508). 



b. Proceedings : conduct of the King. 

c. Results. 

2. Attitude of the first Parliament, March, 1604. 

3. The new canons adopted by Convocation, 1604. 

4. Character of Archbishop Abbot, 1610. 

IV. James and the Catholics. 

1. What the Catholics hoped ; James' promises. 

2. How far persecuted and repressed under James ; ban- 

ishment of priests, 1604. 

3. The Gunpowder Plot, 1604-1605. 

V. James and his first two Parliaments. 

1. Parliament of 1604-1611. 

a. The religious question (see above). 

b. The question of union with Scotland : the Post 

Natl, 1607. 

c. The new impositions and the proposed "Great 

Contract"; decision of the Court of Ex- 
chequer ; the Bate's case ; dissolution of 
Parliament, 1611. 

d. Bacon's advice. 

2. The case of Prohibitions, 1607 (Adams and Stephens, 

332-4). 

3. The " Addled Parliament," 1614. 

a. Members. 

b. Conduct and dissolution. 

REFERENCES. 

Source Materials : Adams and Stephens, 326 fl'. ; Lee, 335 fl". ; Gee and 
Hardy, 508 fl'. ; Colby, 177 it'.; Calendar of State Papers (James 1), I-1II ; 
Gardiner's Parliamentary Debates in 1610: in Camden Society, 1862; Wil- 
liams' Court and Times of James I, vol. 1; Goodman's Court of King James 
J vol. II (original letters); Harleian Miscellany, III, 5-34 (Gunpowder 
Plot); Kennet's Complete History, V, VI. 

Secondary Authorities: Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 1-20; lb., Stu- 
dent's History, II, 481 fl. ; lb., History of England, I, II; Eanke, Hist, of 
England, I ; Neal, Puritans, I, 227 fl. ; Green, III, chaps, i-iii ; Hallam, I, 283 It'.'; 
Hume, IV, 378 ft'.; Lingard, VII, 1 ft'.; Wakeman, The Church and Puritans, 
62 ft'.; Fisher, Christian Church , 394 ff. ; Fisher, Reformation, 433 ft". ; Haus- 
ser, Reformation, 603 3".; Goocli, English Democratic Ideas, 59 ft".; Taylor, 
II, 210 ft'.; Bayne, Chief Actors, 27 ff. ; Cordery and Phillpotts, King and 
Commonwealth, 1 ft'.; Aikin. Memoirs of the Court of King James I, vol. 1; 
Jesse, Memoirs, I, 1-316; Vaughan, Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty. 1,74 
ft*.; Po., History of Eng. under the House if Stuart, I. ft'.; Harris, Hist. Account 
of the Life and Times of James I; and the works of Gerard, Jardine, and Gar- 
diner on the Gunpowder Plot. 



VI. James and bis favorites (Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 25 
ff. ; lb., Spanish Marriage, I, passim). 

1. Danger of the Policy; in effect, as in the reign of 

Edward II, the curia was arrayed against the camera 
(see Stubbs, on Gaveston and the Despensers). 

2. Rise and character of Robert Carr, 1613-15 ; made 

Viscount Rochester, then Earl of Somerset; his 
connection with the Spanish Marriage project (Gar- 
diner, Spanish Marriage, I, 15-29) ; he distributes 
the royal patronage ; the murder of Sir Thomas 
Overbury and Somerset's fall. 

3. Rise and character of George Villiers; made Viscount 

Villiers, then Earl, Marquis, Duke of Buckingham. 

VII. James and the Spanish Marriage (Gardiner, Spanish Mar- 
riage; lb., Puritan Revolution, 23-44). 

1. Significance of James' alliance with Spaiu ; effect of 

the contrast to Elizabeth's policy ; effect on Puritans. 

2. Relation nf the alliance to the Thirty Years' War: was 

James' peace policy wise ? His vacillation ; loss 
of the Palatinate. 

3. Project to marry Prince Henry to the Infanta Anna, 

1604, and to the Infanta Maria, 1611 (Gardiner, 
Spanish Marriage, I, 6-7) ; coolness with Spain, 
1612. 

4. Renewal of negotiations, 1617; motives of James; the 

demands of Spain (Gardiner, Spanish Marriage, I, 
29-30); the journey to Madrid, 1623 (Gardiner, 
Puritan Revolution, 39-44). 

5. Diplomacy of the marriage; character and ability of 

Digby ; of Sarmiento, made Count of Gondomar; 
of Lerma, Spanish minister. 

VIII. James and the Constitution (Hallam, I, chap. vij. 

1. Idea of his own prerogative (Gardiner, Puritan Revo- 

lution, 27-8) ; Co well's Interpreter (Hallam, I, 
320-1). 

2. The clergy teach passive obedienec; the Articuli cleri 

1605 (Hallam, I, 317-20). 

3. The fall of Chief Justice Coke (Hallam, I, 329-31, 

337-43). 

4. Expedients for raising money : benevolences, sale of 

peerages, of monopolies and licenses ; sale of new 
title of Baronet; distraint of knighthood; 
impositions. 



5. Revival of impeachments: that of Mompesson and 

others; of Bacon; of Middlesex; punishment of 
Floyd (Hallam, I, 353 ff.) 

6. James and his last two Parliaments, 1621-4. 

REFERENCES. 

Source Materials: Adams and Stephens, 334 ff. ; Lee, 341 ff. ; Prothero, 
250 ff. ; Calendar of State Papers (James I), 1II-IV ; Cobbett's Parliamen- 
tary History; Williams' Court and Times of James I, vols. I, II; Gardi- 
ner's Notes of the Debates in the House of Lords, 1621 : in Camden Soci- 
ety, 1870; Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons, 1620-21 (Ox- 
ford, 1766) ; Gardiner's translation of Francisco de Jesn's El hecho de los 
tratados del matrimonio : in Camden Society, 1869; various papers in 
Harleian Miscellany, III, IV; Rushworth, Hist. Collections I, 1-164; Devon, 
Issues of the Exchequer. 

Secondary Authorities : Gardiner, Puritan Pevolution, 20-44; lb., She- 
dents' History, II, 86-591; lb., Spanish Marriage, I, II; or the same in lb., 
History of England, III, IV; Seeley, Growth o't British Policy, I, 263 ff . ; Hal- 
lam, chap, vi; Green, III, 81-121; Hume, IV," 425 ff. ; Lingard, VII, 12-7 ff. ; 
Goldwin Smith, United Kingdom, I, 404 ff ; Bright, II, 581 ff. ; Smith, Hist. 
Par., I, 359; Gneist, Const. History, II, 232 ff. i Carlyle, Historical Sketches 
of Notable Persons; Aikin, Memoirs, II ; the works of Jesse and Vaughan 
as above cited. 



Sect. II. Charles I. and His First Three Parliaments, 
1625-1629. 

I. Accession of Charles. 

1. His character compared with that of James I; his rela- 

tion to Buckingham. 

2. How embarrassed by his compact with France and 

others. 

a. Promises of money. 

b. Promises of toleration for Catholics. 

II. The first parliament, 1625. 

1. The question of a subsidy: only 140,000 pounds 

granted. 

2. Commons express lack of confidence in Buckingham : 

dissolution. 

III. Interval between first and second parliaments, 1625-6. 

1. The Cadiz fiasco, 1625. 

2. Ships loaned to France. 

3. People suspect Buckingham of trying to involve Eng- 

land in war with France. 

4. King makes the leaders of the Commons sheriffs. 



IV. The second Parliament, 1626. 

1. Leadership of John Eliot; character; his theory of the 

supremacy of the Commons. 

2. Impeachment of Buckingham. 

a. Eight articles of impeachment. 

b. King's message interdicting impeachment: dis- 

regarded. '■- r ! 

3. Imprisonmet of Eliot and Digges ; Commons resent the 

violation of privilege ; King releases the prisoners. 

4. Imprisonment of the Earl of Bristol in violation of the 

Lords' privilege (Hallam, I, 371-3). 

V. The second interval, 1626-7. 

X. War with France; failure of the expedition to Rhe 

(Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 55-57). 
2. The "free gift" and the "forced loan," 1626. 

a. Imprisonment of men who refused the loan ; 

impressment of others for the navy. 

b. The " Five knights " case before the King's bench 

(Hallam, I, 375-79; Gardiner, Documents, 
pp. xxii-iii ; lb., Revolution, 57). 

c. Billeting soldiers and martial law. 

VI. The Third Parliament, 1628-9. 

1. The first session, 1628. 

a. The Petition of Right: text (Adams and 
Stephens, 339-42 ; Gardiner, Documents, 1-5; 
Creasy, 291 ff.) ; the debate (in Creasy, 286 
ff. ); the King's assent; importance of the 
statute. 

6. The King's bad faith shown in his conference 
with the judges (Hallam, I, 382-4). 

c. The Remonstrance against Tonnage and Pound- 

age (Gardiner, Documents, 5-7; Gardiner, 
Puritan Revolution, 61-3). 

d. King's speech at the prorogation, June 26, 1628 

(Gardiner, Documents, 8-9). 

2. Interval between the sessions. 

a. Assassination of Buckingham, August 23, 1628. 

b. The question of imposts : Petition of Right 

vs. the Bate's case precedent. 

c. Religious difficulties ; cases of Montagu and 

Manwarring; rise of High Church principles; 
Sabbath observance; Arminian controversy 
(Hallam, 386 ff.) 

d. The King's Declaration (Gardiner, Documents, 

9-11). 



3. The second session. 

a. Rolle's privilege : position of Pym. 

b. Discussion of religious innovations; resolutions 

of the sub-committee of the Commons (Gar- 
diner, Documents, 11-16). 

c. Breach with the King; the Three Resolutions, 

1629 (Gardiner, Documents, 16-17). 

d. King's Declaration showing cause of the dissolu- 

tion of Third Parliament (Gardiner, Docu- 
ments, 17-31). 
VII. Statesmanship of Eliot, Pym, and Wentworth compared. 

REFERENCES. 

Source Materials: Gardiner, Documents, pp. xxi-xxvii, 1-31 ; Adams and 
Stephens, 339-46; Lee, 348-5?, (Petition of Right); Calendar of State Pa- 
yees (Charles I), I-III; Rushworth, Collections, I, 165-691; Statutes of the 
Realm, Y; Gardiner's Notes of the Debates in the House of Lords, 1624 and 
1626: in Camden Society, 1879; his Debates in the House of Commons, 1625 : 
in Camden Society, n.s., 6, 1873; his Documents Illustrating the Impeach- 
ment of the Duke of Buckingham in 1626: in Camden Society, n.s., 45, 
1889; Williams' Court anil Times of Charles I; Whitelock's Memorials, 1- 
14; Harleian Miscellany, XII, 50-72. 

Secondary Authorities : Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 48-71; lb., Stu- 
<h nis' History, II; lb., Buckingham, I, II; or the same in lb., Hist, of Eng- 
land. V. VI; Forster, Eliot; Ranke, History of England, I; Gohhvin Smith, 
United Kingdom, 1, 468 ff., Seeley, Groivth of British Policy, I, 330 ff. ; Hal- 
lam, I, chap, vii; Creasy, Constitution, 280 ft' ; Green, III, chap, v; Hume, v, 
1 II'.; Lingard, VII, 283 ft'. ; Ransome, Constitution, 138 ff. ; Taylor, II, 253 ff. ; 
Bayne, Chief Actors, 103 ff. (Henrietta and Buckingham), 149 ff (Charles I) ; 
Cordery and Phillpotts, King and Commonwealth, 29 ff. ; Guizot, Eng. Revolu- 
tion, 79 ft*. ; Harris, Hist. Account of the Life and Writings of Charles I; Jesse, 
Memoirs, I, 317 ft".; II, 1-122; Aiken, Memoirs of the Court of King Charles I; 
Vaii'j;han, Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty, I, 350 ff . ; lb., Hist, of England 
under the House of Stuart, 1,204 ft'.; Chancellor, Life of Charles L (1G00- 
1025) ; Neal, Puritans, I, 278 ft'. ; Masson, Life of Milton, I. 



Sect. III. The Reign of Thorough : Unparliamentary 
Government, 1629-1640. 

Four years of preparation, 1629-1633. 

1. Was Charles justifiable in the attempt to rule without 
Parliament; his proclamation. 

a. Charles' idea of his prerogative and of his con- 

stitutional powers (Gardiner, Puritan Revo- 
lution, 71-3). 

b. Narrowness and intolerance of the Parliament of 

1628-9. 



2. The ministers of Charles. 

a. Treasurer Weston: character and policy; ex- 

pedients to raise money. 

b. Laud, bishop of London : his character ; Star 

Chamber sentences ; his ecclesiastical changes. 

c. Wentworth, president of the Council of the 

North ; his ideal of government. 

3. Types of Anglican clergy. 

a. George Herbert (Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 

79). 

b. Richard Sibbes (Gardiner, 80-1). 

4. Prosecutions of Eliot, Holies, Valentine, and others for 

conduct in Parliament. 

a. The question of freedom of speech in Parliament 

(Hallam, I, 412-415). 

b. Death of Sir John Eliot (Forster, Eliot, II; 

Gardiner, Puritan Revolution,, 70-1 ; Hallam, 
I, 415). 

c. The Act of 1667 (Hallam, I, 416). 

II. Seven years of Thorough, 1634-1640. 

1. Administration of Archbishop Laud. 

a. Policy and character. 

b. The renewal of the " Declaration of Sports," 

1633 (see Gardiner, Document*, 31-5). 

c. The Communion Table (Gardiner, Documents, 

35-7, Act of the Privy Council). 

d. Laud's use of ceremonial (Hume, IV, chap, 32). 

e. Sentence of Prynne, 1634; his " Histriomastix." 
/. The metropolitical visitation, 1634. 

2. Civil administration. 

a. Forest Courts (Hallam, I, 503; Gardiner, Puri- 

tan Revolution, 90). 

b. Monopolies, etc. 

c. Ship money (Paish worth, II, 252 ff.) 

1. The first levy : the writ (in Gardiner, 

Documents, 37-9). 

2. The second and third levies. Consulta- 

tion of the judges (Gardiner. Docu- 
ments, 40 ). 

3. Hampden's case: speeches of St. John 

and Berkeley (Gardinpr, Documents, 
41-54). 

3. Punishment of Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton, 1637 

(Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 94-5; (Milton's 
Lycidas (Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 96). 



10 

4. Wentworth's Reign of Thorough as Lord Deputy in 

Ireland, 1634-7 (Gardiner, Documents, 97-102). 

5. Resistance in Scotland, 1637-1640. 

a. Why James established Episcopacy in Scotland. 

b. The New Prayer Book, 1637. 

c. The four tables (Committees) take control. 

d. The Covenant signed, 1638 (Gardiner, Docu- 

ments, 54-64). 

e. Hamilton in Scotland : Episcopacy abolished by 

Glasgow Assembly, 1638. 
/. The First Bishops' War, 1639. 
g. The English Short Parliament, 1640 ; influence 

of Wentworth (Earl of Strafford). 
h. The Second Bishops' War, 1640. 
i. A Great Council summoned : advice of the Peers 
(see Gardiner, Documents, 64-6). 
III. Summary of abuses and illegal acts of the period, 1629-40 
(Hallam, I, chap. viii). 

1. Expedients to raise money. 

a. Tonnage and poundage. 

b. Monopolies; the soap monop'oly(Hallam, I, 420). 

c. Coraoulsory knighthood. 

d. Forest laws, etc. 

e. Ship money. 

2. Proclamations. 

3. Star Chamber sentences (Taswell-Langmead, 581-4; 

Hallam). 

REFERENCES. 

Source Materials: Gardiner's Documents, 31-66; Adams and Stephens, 
347-50; Lee, 352-7 (ship-money) ; Rushworth, Collections, II, III ; Thurloe, 
State Papers,!, IK.; Calendar of State Papers (Charles I), III-XVI ; Gardi- 
ner's Notes on the Judgment delivered by Sir George Croke in the case of ship- 
money : in Camden Society, Misc , vol. VII, 1875; Lb., Documents relating to 
the Proceedings against William Prynne in 1634 and 1637: in Camden Society, 
n. S., vol. 18, 1877 ; lb., Report of Cases in the Courts of Star Chamber and Nigh 
Commission: in Camden Society, n. S., vol. 39, 1886; lb., Hamilton Papers, 
1-103: in Camden Society, n. S., vol. 27, 1880; Whitelock's Memorials, 14-33; 
Green's Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria ; Wallington's Historical Notices; 
Baillie, Letters, I, 1-288; May, Long Par., 27 ft'. 

Secondary Authorities: Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 71-110; Lb., Student's 
History, II, 514 ft". ; lb., Hist, of England, V1I-IX ; Ranke, Hist, of England, 
II, 1-212: Hume, V.; Rogers, Hist. Gleanings (Laud); Gneist, Hist. Parlia- 
ment, 252 ff. ; Smith, Hist. Parliament, I, 387 ft'. ; Ransome, Constitution, 149 
flf.; Green, III, 1 43 ft". ; Jesse, Memoirs, II, 123 ft'.; Bayne, Chief Actors, 57 
ft". (Laud and Stafford) ; Cordery and Phillpotts, King and Commonwealth, 
51ft.; Guizot, Eng. Revolution, 34-85; Vaughan, Memorials, I, 445 ft".; Mas- 
son, Milton, I, II; Neal, Puritans, I, 297 ff. ; and the works of Bright, Lin- 
gard, and Taylor. 



11 

Sect. IV. The First "Work of the Long Parliament, 
1640-1642. 

I. The restoration of the constitution (Hallara, I, 498-506 ; Gar- 
diner, Puritan Revolution, 110 ft*.; Gardiner, Documents, 67 ff.) 

1. Character and composition of the Parliament. 

2. The Triennial Act, February 15, 1641 (Gardiner, 

Documents, 74-84; Adams and Stephens, 350-9). 

a. Provisions. 

b. Constitutional significance. 

3. The Impressment Act, February 13, 1641- -{Gardiner, 

Documents, 164-6; Hallam, I, 503). 

4. Tonnage and Poundage Act, June 22, 1641. 

5. Act for abolition of the Star Chamber, July 5, 1641 

(Gardiner, Documents, 106-12; Adams and 
Stephens, 363-6). 

a. Jurisdiction ot Star Chamber and Council taken 

away. 

b. Jurisdiction of Council of North and other extra- 

ordinary courts abolished. 

c. The council may still examine and commit; but 

under right of writ of habeas corpus. 

6. Court of High Commission abolished, July 5, 1641 

(Gardiner, Documents, 112-115; Adams and Ste- 
phens, 366-9). 

7. Act for limitation of forests, August 7, 1641 (Gardiner, 

Documents, 117-21). 

8. Act prohibiting knighthood fees, August 10, 1641 (Lee, 

355 ; Gardiner, Documents, 121-2). 

9. Act declaring ship-money illegal and judgment against 

Hampden declared null, August 17, 1641 (Gardi- 
ner, Documents, 115-17; Adams and Stephens, 
369-71). 

10. Real significance of the series of great statutes 

enumerated (Hallam, I, 504-6). 

II. The trial and punishment of Strafford (Hallam, I, 507-14; 
Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 111-113; lb., Documents, 85-7). 

1. The procedure by impeachment: was it justified? 

Alleged conduct of Vane? Portion of Pym ? 

2. The procedure by bill of attainder. 

3. Was Strafford's punishment just? 

III. Act against dissolving the Long Parliament, May 11, 1641, 
made parliamentary despotism possible (Gardiner, Documents, 

87-8). 



12 

IV. The attack on tbe bishops. 

1. The "Root and Branch Petition," December 11, 1640 

(Gardiner, Documents, 67-73) . 

2. j^irst bill against the bishops fails in the Lords, July 

1-3, 1611 (Gardiner, Documents, 94-100; Gar- 
diner, Puritan Revolution, 116). 

3. The " Root and Branch Bill " in the Commons. 

4. Falkland, Hyde, and the moderate church party: its 

weakness ; the King's failure to support the party 
(Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 116-118). 

V. The Grand Remonstrance, December 1, 1641. 

1. Effect of the King's visit to Scotland, and of the Irish 

insurrection (Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 
119-20). 

2. Spirit of the Remonstrance : the debate. 

3. Provisions of the Remonstrance (Gardiner, Documents, 

127-154; Adams and Stephens, 376-80. 

4. Reception of King on return from Scotland by people 

of London. , 

5. Impeachment and attempted arrest of the Five Mem- 

bers (Gardiner, Documents, 158-63. 

6. The Commons in the Guildhall ; King leaves Whitehall 

(January 10, 1642). 

7. The Clerical Disabilities Act, February 13, 1642 ; 

and the struggle for the command of the militia 
(Gardiner, Documents, 163-4, 166-8, 169 ff.). 



INFERENCES. 

Source Materials : Gardiner's Documents, i\l If. ; Adams and Stephens. 
350-83; Lee, 355 ft'. ; Colby, 188 ft'. ; Calendar of State Papers (Charles I), xvi- 
xvii; Johnson's Fairfax Correspondence : Memorials of the Reign of Charles /; 
Gardiner's Hamilton Papers, 103 ft'.; Whitelock's Memorials, 83 ft'.; Rush- 
worth's Collections, III, 1084 ft'. ; Lb., Tryal of Strafford ; May, ///story of the Long 
Parliament, 70 ff. ; Bruce' s Notes of the Treaty .. at Ripon: in Camden Society, 
1869; Lb., Verney Papers: Notes of Proceedings in the Long Parliament: in 
Camden Society, 31, 1874; Clarendon, Great Rebellion; Harleian Miscellany. 
IV; Thurloe, State Papers, I; Knowler's Strafforde's Letters and Dispatches; 
Baillie's Letters, I. II. 

Secondary Authorities : Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 110-24; //>., Stu- 
dent' 's History, 11,529-36; //>., Hist, of England, IX, X; Hallam, I, chap, ix ; 
Smith, Three English Statesmen, 1-51 ( Pym) ; Rogers, Gleanings, G7-127 (Laud); 
Forster, Arrest of the Five Members; //>., Grand Remonstrance ; Green, III, 
102-216; Hume, V, chaps. 54-5; Gneist, Constitution. II, 221-5G: /b., Hist. 
Parliament, 220 ff. ; Cordery and Phlllpotts, King and Commonwealth, 82 ff. ; 
Guizot, Eng. Revolution. 86-161; Vaughan, Hist, of England under the House 
of Stuart, 1,314 ft'.; Neal, Puritans, I, 850 ft'.; Masson, Milton, II; and the 
works of Taylor, Lingard, Creasy, and Itanke. 



13 



Sect. V. The Civil War and the Fall of the Monarchy, 

1642-1649. 

I. Beginning of the Civil War. 

1. Conservatism of the Commons and of their leader, Pyin. 

a. As to uniformity of belief. 

b. As to institutions. 

2. War begins : King's standard set up at Nottingham, 

Aug. 22, 1642; elements of the King's army; 
Powick Bridge, Sept. 22 ; Edgehill, &C*. 23 ; in- 
competency of Essex. 

3. Royalist successes : defence ot London, Nov. 18. 

4. Propositions presented to the King at Oxford, Feb. 1, 

1643 (Gardiner, Documents, 182-186): compare 
with the " Nineteen Propositions" of June 1, 1642 
(Gardiner, Documents, 170-175). 

5. Rise of Oliver Cromwell. 

a. Origin and character. 

b. His regiment of k ' Ironsides." 

6. Campaign of 1643. 

a. Royalist successes in the South. 

b. Death of Hampden at Chalgrove Field, June 24, 

1643 (Green, III, 220-5). 

c. First battle of Newbury indecisive : death of 

Falkland. 

II. Presbyterians and Independents. 

1. The Westminster Assembly, 1643. 

2. The " Solemn League and Covenant," Sept. 25, 1643 

(Gardiner, Docuw,e?its , 187-90 ; Green, III, 226-8). 

a. Arose in need of Scotch alliance. 

b. Determines ultimate adoption of Presbyterian- 

ism by Parliament. 

c. Fanaticism of the Puritans. 

3. Death of Pym, December 6, 1643. 

4. Execution of Laud, January 10, 1644 (Rogers', Glean- 

ings, 121-7). 

5. Rise of the Independents (Green, III, 234 ff . ; Gooch, 

chaps. I, II, III). 

a. Principles of the Separatists. 

b. The propagation of sects (Masson's Life of 

Milton) ; rise of the doctrine of toleration 
of " Liberty of conscience " (Gooch). 

c. Bigotry of the Presbyterians ; death of Chilling- 

worth and conduct of Cheynell (Gardiner, 
Revolution, 134-5). 



14 

III. The great battles and end of the first Civil War. 

1. Independency in the army. 

a. The " Eastern Association" formed by Hamp- 

den (Green, III); placed under Manchester, 
1643 ; progress of Cromwell. 

b. Marston Moor, July 2, 1644 (Carlyle's Letters 

of Cronucell, I, 149-152) : a victory for the 
Independents (Gardiner, Revolution, 139). 

2. The " new model" and the " self-denying ordinance" 

(Carlyle's Letters, I, 153-8; Gardiner, Revolution, 
140-2; lb., Documents, 205-6). 

3. Suspension of the self-denying ordinance in favor of 

Cromwell. 

4. Montrose overruns Scotland. 

5. Battle of Nasebv, June, 1645 (Carlyle's Letters, I, 

165-170). 

6. Montrose beaten a Philiphaugh, September 13, 1645. 

7. War ends with surrender of Kaglan Castle, Aug., 1646. 

IV. Struggle between the army and parliament, 1645-1649 
(Green, III, ch. X). 

1. The King puts himself in the hands of the Scots; they 

take him to Newcastle, May, 1646. 

2. The Puritan army ; sects ; religious feeling ; Crom- 

well's toleration (Gardiner, Revolution, 144-5). 

3. The Parliament's propositions made to the King, July, 

1645 (Gardiner, Documents, 208-222; lb., Revo- 
Iniion, 145-6) ; the King's answers (Documents, 
223-232). 

4. The King put in the hands of Parliamentary commis- 

sioners, Jan. 30, 1647 ; and is kept at Holmby 
House until June 4, when he is brought to the 
army and conducted to Newmarket (Gardiner, 
Revolution, 146-7). 

5. The eleven Presbyterian members of the House ex- 

cluded by the army (Carlyle's Letters, I, 206-223). 

6. Proposals of the army to the King, August 1, 1647 

(Gardiner, Documents, 232-241). 

7. Flight of King to Isle of Wight, November 11, 

1647; he intrigues with the Scots for an invasion 
of England (Gardiner, Documents, 259-264). 

8. The second Civil War: insurrections in England, 1648 ; 

the Scot's defeated at Preston, August 17, 1648. 

9. The army Remonstrance, November 20, 1648 : the 

King to be brought to justice. 

10. Pride's Purge, December 6, 1648. 



15 

11. The trial and execution of the King (Green, III, 
258-63 ; Gardiner, Documents, 268-290, lb., Great 
Civil War. 

INFERENCES. 

Source Materials: Gardiner's Documents, 182-290; Adams and Stephens, 
383 ff. ; Lee, 348-72, 364-6 (charge against the King) ; Rushworth, Collections, 
IV (547 ff.)-VII; Calendar of State Papers (Charles I), xviii-xxii ; Claren- 
don, Great Rebellion, I, II; Carlyle's Letters and Speeches of Cromwell, I; 
Cary's Memorials of the Great Civil liar, 1(346-52; Bell's Fairfax Correspon- 
dence: Memorials of the Civil War; W&mev's Nicholas Papers (1641-56 ) : in 
Camden Society, n. s., vols. 40 (1886), 50 (1892), 57 (1897) ; Guthry's Memoirs; 
Whitelock's Memorials, 57-385 ; May, Long Parliament, 58 ft*. ; Tlinrloe, State 
Papers, I; Ludlow's Memoirs; Nalson's Collections; Shaw's Plundered Jl/inis- 
ters' Accounts: in Record Society, 28 (1893), 34 (1897); Stanning's Royalist 
Composition Papers: in Record Society, 24 (1891), 26 (1892), 29 (1894), 36 
(1898); Green's Cal. of Procds. of Committee for Advance of Money; 1642-56; 
Lb., Cal. of Procds. of Committee for Compounding, 1643-1660. 

Secondary Authorities : Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 125-153; Lb., Stu- 
dent's History, II, 532-60 ; Lb., Hist, of England, X ; Lb., Great Civil War, I-IV ; 
Ranke, Hist, of England, II; Green, III, 217-63; Hosmer, Sir Henry Vane, 
137 ff. ; Smith, Hist. Parliament, I, 416 ff. ; Hume, V, 227 ff, ; Bright, II, 658 
II.; Lingard, VIII; Bayne, Chief Actors, 249 ff (Vane), 389 ff. (Cromwell), 
437 ff. (Clarendon); Cordery and Phillpotts, King and Commonwealth, 12.". ft'.; 
Guizot, Eng. Revolution, 161-436 ; Neal, Puritans, I, 409 ft*.; Masson, Milton, 
II-IV; and especially Markham's Great Lord Fairfax. 



Sect. VI. The Interregnum, 1649-1660. 
A. The Commonwealth, 1649-1653 (Dec. 16). 

I. Results of the execution of Charles. 

1. Was his execution legal ? Was it politically justifiable ? 

Was it politically expedient? 

2. Was there just cause for deposition, if not for 

execution ? 

3. Charles' view of his own authority. 

4. Was the overthrow of the monarchy historically 

justifiable ? 

II. Establishment of ihe commonwealth. 

1. Council of State (of 41 members) created by ordinance, 

February 13, 1649 (Gardiner, Documents, 290-3). 

2. Office of King abolished, March 17, 1649 (Gardiner, 

Documents, 294-6). 

3. House of Lords abolished, March 19, 1649 (Gardiner, 

Documents, 296-7). 

4. Commonwealth established by ordinance, May 19, 1649 

(Gardiner, Documents. 297"). 



16 

III. History of the commonwealth. 

1. Cromwell's conquest of Ireland, 1649-1652. 

a. Origin of the war; state of Ireland (Carlyle, I, 

374-80). 

b. Alliance of Royalists and native Roman 

Catholics. 

c. Massacres of Drogheda (Aug. 15, 1649) and 

Wexford : criticism of Cromwell's conduct 
(see the letters in Carlyle, I, 380-392). 

d. Confiscation of the three provinces (Gardiner, 

Rev., 156-7; Carlyle, I, 426-9). 

2. Charles II and Scotland. 

a. Dunbar, Sept. 3, 1650 (Carlyle, I, 457-476). 

b. Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651 : Cromwell's " Crown- 

ing mercy." , 

c. Charles escapes to France. 

3. Dissolution of the Long Parliament. 

a. The revolutionary force was spent : ideas and 

ideals of Cromwell and other leaders (Gardi- 
ner, Revolution, 159-61). 

b. Scheme of Parliament for a new Parliament. 

c. The Act of Navigation (1651); and the Dutch 

war, 1652 (Green, III, 275-7). 

d. Corruption in Parliament. 

e. Dissolution, April 20, 1653: Declaration of the 

Lord General and the Council, April 22, 1653 
(Gardiner, Documents, 308-315; see Carlyle, 
II). 

4. The Assembly of 140 nominees (" Barebone's Parlia- 

ment."). 

a. Cromwell's speech (Carlyle, II, 33 ff). 

b. Conduct of the assembly. 

c. Its resignation, Dec. 11, 1653. 



B. The Protectorate, 1653-1660. 

I. General character of the instrument of government (Gardiner, 
Documents, 314-325, Ivi-lxii). 

1. " First " written English constitution; its remarkably 

enlightened provisions (Gardiner, Documents, 
166-8; Adams and Stephens, 407-16). 

2. Provisions for toleration and civil liberty. 

II. Oliver's nine months of government before the meeting of 
Parliament. 



17 

III. Oliver's first Parliament, Sept. 3, 1654, to Jan. 22, 1655. 

1. Composition. 

2. The Parliament questions the instrument. 

3. It is purged by Cromwell of recalcitrant members. 

4. Dissolution, Jan. 22, 1655. 

IV. The ten major-generals, 1655-1657. 

1. Toleration by force. 

2. Pendruddock's Rising; the Royalists foot the bill. 

3. Episcopalianism suppressed, Nov. 27, 1655. 

4. Massacre in Piedmont and the quarrel with Spain. 

V. Oliver's second Parliament, Sept. 17, 1656, to Jan. 20, 1658. 

1. Oliver's opening speech (Carlyle, II, 218 ff). 

2. Exclusion of members. 

3. The "Petition and Advice" (Gardiner, Documents, 

Ixiii, 334-345); inauguration of the Protector, 
June 26, 1655 (Green, III, 299-300). 

4. Oliver refuses title of king: Did he wish it? Why 

did he refuse it ? (Green, III, 298-9'; Carlyle, II, 
267 ff.). 

VI. Last days of Oliver. 

1. He sees that his system is doomed. 

2. Greatness of his foreign policy. 

3. Death, Sept. 3, 1658. " 

VII. The Restoration. 

1. Richard Cromwell, Protector; disliked by the army. 

2. The Third Parliament dissolved, April 22,4659. 

3. Long Parliament recalled. 

4. Intervention of Monk. 

5. The " Rump " dissolved, March 16, 1660. 

6. The Declaration of Breda, April 4, 1660 (Gardiner, 

Documents, 351-2). 

REFERENCES. 

Source Materials: Gardiner, Documents, 291 ff. ; Adams and Stephens, 
394 ft".; Lee, 373-93; Calefidar of State Papers, 1640-60; Carlyle's Letters and 
Speeches of Cromwell; Stainer, Speeches of Cromwell; Burton, Diary (1656-9); 
Clarendon, Great Rebellion; Thurloe, State Papers; Firth's Clarke Papers 
(1647-60); Warner's Nicholas Papers (1611-56); Whitelock's Memorials, 
385 ff 

Secondary Authorities : Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 154 ft'.; lb.. Student's 
History, II, 561ft'. ; lb., Commonwealth and Protectorate; Green, III, 264 ft.; 
Hallam, II, chap, x; Taylor, II, 340 ft'.; Gnizot, George Monk; lb., Richard 
Cromzcell and the Restoration ; Jesse, Memoirs, II, 235 ft.; Bayne, Chief Actors, 
249 ft., 389 ff. ; Bisset, History of the Commonwealth ; Railke Hist, of England, 
II-III; Godwin, History of the Commonwealth; Vaughan, The Protectorate 
of Oliver Cromwell (contains original letters of Thurloe, Lockhart, Pell, 



18 

etc.); Traill, Social England, IV., chaps. 13-14; Neal, Puritans, I, II; Mas- 
son, Milton, IV, V ; Marsden, Later Puritans ; Stace, Cromwelliana ; Prender- 
gast, The Cromwellian Settlement in Ireland; Murphy, Cromwell in Ireland. 
See also Indenvick, Interregnum : Jenks, Constitutional Experiments; Goldwin 
Smith, United Kingdom, I, 572 ff. ; Gooch, Democratic Ideas; the histories of 
Hume, Bright, Lingard, Taswell-Langmead ; and the literature of Cromwell 
mentioned in sec. VIII and the " select Bibliography." 



Sect. VII. The Constitutional Experiments of the Common- 
wealth and the Protectorate, 1649.1660. 

I. Relative importance of the period. 

1. First general result: assumption by Parliament of the 

business of government. 

2. Second general result: " The birth of modern political 

thought" (Jenks, 5). 

3. Third general result : the subjects or prototypes of 

future reforms established. 

II. Remnants of the old constitution in 1649. 

1. Nominally the Commons remained : number of mem- 
bers (Jenks, 9). 
2 Parts destroyed. 

a. Kingship and royal council ; the Star Chamber ; 

High Commission; Council of the North; of 
Wales. 

b. The county lord lieutenants. 

3. Justices ; uncertain powers. 

4. Sheriffs appointed by the House; municipalities con- 

trolled by same. 

5. The revolution not essentially a social revolution. 

III. The Republic, 1649-1653 : rule of parliament. 

1. Rule by committees. 

2. Dignity and power of Parliament; its pedantry. 

3. The army as a constitutional organ : (a) Council of 

officers (b) Assembly of Adjutators ; (c) various 
functions (Jenks, 16-17). 
4 "Nascent" organism (Jenks, 18-19). 

5. Plans for reconstruction. 

a. "Agreement of the people" or Army Plan 

(Gardiner, Documents, 270 ff. ; Jenks, 25). 

b. Plan of the Congregations. 

c. Plan of Parliament. 

6. The Council of State of 41 : rule by sub-committees. 

7. Attitude of Parliament toward the army. 



19 

8. Parliamentary corruption (Jenks, 45 ff.). 

9. Insincerity of Parliament : intentionally prolongs its 

power. 

10. Failure of Parliament in finance and foreign affairs. 
IV. The Protectorate, 1653-1660. 

1. Cromwell, Captain-General : his first council eight 

officers and four civilians). 

2. The assembly of Nominees or " Little Parliament," 

July 4, Dec. 11, 1653. 

a. How summoned ? 

b. Character. 

c. Conduct : dissolution. 

3. The Instrument of Government ( germ in the Army Plan.) 

a. Significance of, as a written constitution. 

b. Executive : a Lord Protector and a council of 

13-21 : Protector with suspensive veto and to 
be chosen by the Council. 

c. Parliament: (1) 400 members ; (2) 30 members 

each from Scotland and Ireland; (3) borough 
representation reformed. 

d. Fixed revenue. 

4. The First Protectorate Parliament, 1654-5. 

5. The Majors-General, 1655, and the " decimation tax" ; 

Cromwell's intention? (Jenks, 98 ff.) 

6. The Second Protectorate Parliament, 1656-7 : the 

" Petition and Advice," 1657. 

7. Views of the Republicans seen in Vane's Healing 

Question (1656). See Jenks, 104. 
V- General results of legislative experiments (Inderwick, chaps, 
i-ii. 

INFERENCES. 

See preceding syllabus ; and especially the works of Jenks, Inderwick, 
and Gooch. For the legislation of the period, consult Scobell's Ads and 

Ordinances. 



Sect. VIII. The Place of Oliver Cromwell in the 
History of Intellectual Progress. 

I. He is the product of the age, of ethical and social evolution ; 
hence his mission is two-fold. 

1. To restore to Englishmen the right of constitutional and 
social liberty ; and to point the way to its fuller 
realization. 



Il , 



20 

Results of the Tudor policy. 

b. Results of the Stuart policy. 

c. Relation of the State and church before and 

after the Protestant Revolution compared. 
2. To prepare the way for the full recognition of liberty 
of conscience. 

a. The mediaeval idea : The Pope as head of the 

Universal Church ; the disastrous effect of 
appeal to authority in spiritual matters ; psy- 
chological helplessness of mediaeval man ; need 
of a material crutch for faith ; hence image- 
worship, maiiolatry, and adoration of saints. 

b. Luther touches the triple crown of the Pope ; 

significance of the Reformation. 

c. The King-Pope ; the new idea of church and state. 

d. Divine prerogative of kings : the new crutch for 

faith ; Filmer's philosophy of the divine 
prerogative. 

e. Cromwell touches the dual crown of the King- 

Pope. 

II. The Riddle of Cromwell's character : The two Paradoxes. 

1. The religious. 

a. His Puritanism ; influence of Hebraism ; the be- 

lief in a Providence imminent in the world 
(Carlyle, I, 437-8, 447-8). 

b. His independency ; practical toleration ; his nar- 

rowness the product of survival and environ- 
ment. 

2. The political. 

a. His political conservatism. 

b. His political liberalism. 

III. How Cromwell solves his own riddle : his life reveals a great 
soul earnestly striving to find a righteous solution of the tremen- 
dous cases of conscience which the times and the nation laid 
upon him. 

1. The problems of the civil war and King's execution. 

2. Problem of the conduct of the righteous warrior. 

a. His military dispatches : Marston Moor (Carlyle), 

I, 150); Naseby (Carl\le, I, 168-9); Dunbar 
(Carlyle, I, 471); Worcester (Carlyle, I, 554). 

b. The punishment of Ireland : Drogheda (Carlyle). 

c. The treatment of Scotland (Carlyle, I, 558 ff.). 

d. Treatment of insurrectionists ; of the Levelers 

(see Smith, in Three English Statesmen) . 



21 

3. Problem of the conduct of the righteous statesmen. 

a. Expulsion of the Long Parliament ; of subsequent 

Parliaments ; he comprehended the nature of 
a revolution. 

b. Intolerance to Catholics and Anglicans ; the 

practical reasons? 

c. Question of acceptance of Crown : why might he 

justly desire it ? 

IV. Practical results of Cromwell's work. 

1. Legal reforms. 

2. Constitutional reforms. 

3. Religious reforms. 

4. Foreign policy : Cromwell supersedes Gustavus Adol- 

phus as head of European Protestantism (see 
Smith). 

5. Social and economic policy. 

V. Estimate of his place in history ; comparison with Napoleon ; 
with Caesar ; with Washington. 

REFERENCES. 

Gardiner, Cromwell's Place in History (London, 1897) ; lb., Oliver Crom- 
well (London, Paris, and New York, 18D0) ; Morley, Oliver Cromwell ; Smith, 
in Three Eng. Statesmen, 54-144: Baldock, Cromivell as a Soldier; Bischott'shau- 
sen, Die Politik des Protectors Oliver Cromivell; Brosch, Cromwell die the Pur- 
itanische Revolution ; Firth, Oliver Cromwell and the Ride of the Puritans in 
England; Harrison, Oliver Cromwell; Picton, Oliver Cromwell ; The Man and 
his Mission; Roosevelt, Oliver Cromwell. See also Carlyle's Letters and 
Speeches of Cromivell; Stainer's Speeches; the works of Green, Hallam, 
Gooch, Jenks, Inderwick; and the Cromwell literature mentioned in the 
" Select Bibliography." 



Sect. IX. The Restoration and the Reign of Charles II, 

1660-1685. 

I. General significance of the Restoration. 

1. The work of the Revolution did not perish. 

a. Puritanism was not extinct; but it had "laid 

down the sword " (Green, III, 321). 

b. Explanation of the wild enthusiasm with which 

the Restoration was hailed. 

c. Three great results of the Puritan Re^lution 

(Creasy, chap, xvi, pp. 268 ff.). 

2. Characteristics of the age : the beginning of modern 

England. 



22 

a. Social revolution ; vice and immorality of the 

period : Hamilton's Memoirs of Grammont 
(Green, III, 327 ff.). 

b. Scientific awakening ; the Royal Society. 

c. The new rationalism ; latitudinarian philosophy; 

rising skepticism ; political philosophy. 

II. Charles II and his policy (Green, III, 336 ff. ; Gardiner, 
Puritan Revolution, 197). 

1. His character; his vices and levity; religious sym- 

pathies. 

2. His domestic policy ; dissolution of the Union ; desire 

for a standing army ; views as to his prerogative. 

3. His foreign policy ; relations with France. 

4. His first ministry ; character of Clarendon ; of Ashley 

Cooper (Green, III, 350 ff., 35-8). 

III. Beginning of the reign : Work of the Convention (Hallam, II, 
68 ff. ; Green, III, 351 ff.) 

1. Act of Indemnity and the exclusion of the regicides. 

2. Restoration of crown, church, and Royalist lands. 

3. Abolition of military tenures; excise substituted (Hal- 

lam, II, 76-8). 

4. Clergy restored to their benefices ; case of the Presby- 

terians. 

5. Dissolution of the Convention Parliament ; theory of the 

lawyers. 

IV. The first work of the Cavalier or Long Parliament of the 
Restoration, 1661-1679. 

1. Composition of the parliament. 

2. Condemnation of Vane (Hallam, II, 88-91). 

3. King's prerogatives restored. 

4. The Corporations Act and the doctrine of " non-resist- 

ance," 1661 (Adams and Stephens, 425-7). 

5. Repeal of the Triennial Act. 

6. Star Chamber not restored. 

7. Act of Uniformity and the ejection of non-conformist 

clergy 1662; "Dissenters" supersede "non- 
conformists." 

8. Charles and the Catholics; his declaration of indul- 

gence, 1662-3 (Hallam, II, 164 ff.). 

9. The Conventicles Act, 1664 (Adams and Stephens, 

431-3). 

10. The Five Mile Act, 1665 (Adams and Stephens, 

433-4). 



23 

V. Rise of Parliamentary opposition. 

1. Parliamentary view of the constitution; control of 

finance. 

2. War with the Dutch, 1604-7: rise of the "court" and 

" country" parties; the latter demands control of 
expenditures ; its relation to the Dissenters. 

3. Clarendon's policy and his fall, 1667 : causes? 

4. The rise and fall of the "Cabal " ministry, 1667-1673 

(Hallam, II, 134 SX 

5. Administration of Danby, 1673-1678: impeachment 

(Hallam, 154-178). 

VI. The Question of Toleration. 

1 . Why Charles adopted the policy of toleration ; he wished 

to include the Catholics. 

2. The Triple Alliance, 1668: England, Sweden, and 

Dutch Netherlands vs. France. 

3. The secret treaty of Dover, 1670: Charles bought by 

Louis XIV; Charles to declare war against Dutch 
and confess himself a Catholic. 

4. Declaration of Indulgence, 1672; withdrawn, 1673; 

conduct of Dissenters (Adams and Stephens, 
434-6; Cobbett's Par. Hist., IV, 515). 

5. The Test Act, 1673 : Duke of York excluded from office 

(Adams and Stephens, 436-9). 

VII. Last days of Charles, 1678-1685 (see Macaulay). 

1. The Popish Plot, 1678 (Hallam, II, 176-183; Ma- 

caulay, I, 216 ff.). 

2. The new Parliament: "Petitioners and Abhorrers ; " 

the session at Oxford; impeachments (Hallam, II, 
194-204) ; rise of " Whig " and " Tory." 

3. Forfeiture of the Borough charters, 1683-5. 

4. Projects of Russell and Sidney; their trial (Hallam, II, 

208 ff. ; Macaulay). 

5. Death of Charles. 

VIII. Constitutional questions (Hallam, II, 221 ff.) 

1. Rights of juries maintained : the Bushnell case (Creasy, 

272-3 ; Hallam, II, 228 ff.) 

2. The Habeas Corpus Act (Text in Creasy, 270-1, Adams 

and Stephens, 440-8 ; Lee, 400-8 ; see Blackstone, 
III, 137). 

3. Other questions (see Hallam). 



24 

REFERENCES. 

Source Materials : Adams and Stephens, 425 ff. ; Lee, 394-413; Calendar 
of State Papers {Charles II), 1660-73, 14 vols.; Statutes of the Realm; How- 
ell's State Trials; Somers, Tracts; Boscobel Tracts; Harleian Miscellany, VII; 
Grey, Debates of the House of Commons, KJC7— 9-t ; Cobbett, Parliamentary His- 
tory; Sidney, Diary of the Times of Charles II; Jnsserand's A French Ambas- 
sador at the Court of Charles II; Luttrell, State Affairs, 1G78-1714; Hamilton, 
Memoirs of Count' Grammont ; the diaries of Pepys, Evelyn, and Keresby ; 
Ehvood's History ; Kennefs Register. 

Secondary Authorities: Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 190-205; lb., Stu- 
dent's History, II, 568 ft". ; Hale, Fall of the Stuarts, 1 ff. ; Airy, The Eng. Res- 
toration and Louis XIV; Adams, The Merry Monarch: Macanlay, I, ch. ii ; 
Green, III, 321 ff.; Creasy, chap, xvi; Hallam, II, G8-2C5 ; Taylor, II, 358 
ff. ; Hosmer, Sir Henry Vane, 480 ff. ; llanke, Hist, of England, III, IV; Stern, 
Milton und seine Zeit ; Masson, Life of Milton, VI ; Seeley, Growth of British 
Policy, II; Traill, Social England, IV; Jesse, Memoirs. II, 395 ff, III, 1-416; 
Vaughan, Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty, II, 272 ff. ; lb.. Hist, of England un- 
der the House of Stuart, II, 571 ff. ; Harris, Historical Account of the Life of 
Charles II ; Strickland, Lives of the last four Princesses of the Royal House of 
Stuart; Jameson, Memoirs of the Beauties of the Court of Charles II; Cunning- 
ham, The Story of ±Ycll Gwyn ; Eorneron, Louise de Keroualle. 



Sect. X. The Revolution of 1688. 

I. The Constitution under James II, 1685-1688. 

1. Character aud intellect of the king: his religious and 

political tendencies. 

2. Monmouth's rising ; the Bloody Circuit of Jeffries. 

3. Dispensations by non-obstante confirmed by the judges ; 

other abuses (mentioned in Bill of Rights). 

4. Declaration of indulgence, 1687 (Adams and Stephens, 

451-4). 

5. The new High Commission, 1686. 

6. The doctrine of non-resistance. 

7. Attack on the liberties of Magdalen College, Oxford. 

8. June 10, 1688, birth of a eon to James: immediate 

cause of the revolution. 

II. The Revolution of 1688-9. 

1. How the revolution was brought about; the question 

of the title of William. 

2. Descent, character, and ability of William. 

3. First mutiny Act, 1689 (Adams and Stephens, 457-8). 

4. Toleration Act, May 24, 1689 (Adams and Stephens 

459-62). 

5. Bill of Rights, Dec. 16, 1789 (Adams and Stephens, 

462-9 ; Lee, 424-31). 



25 

a. Statement of grievances. 

b. Demand for the redress of the same. 

c. Provisions for present and future succession. 

6. Tirennial Act, Dec. 22, 1604 (Adams and Stephens, 

471). 

7. Act of settlement, June 12, 1901 (Adams and Stephens, 

475-90; Lee, 431-6). 

a. Provision for succession. 

b. Other provisions. 

8. Important constitutional results of William's reign ; 

rise of the cabinet and of ministerial responsibility. 

REFERENCES. 

Source Materials: Adams and Stephens ; Lee, 417-42; Calendar of State 
Papers (Will, and Mary), 1(589-92, 3 vols. ; Somers, Tracts ; State Tracts: 
Luttrell, State Affairs, 1678-1714 ; Howell, State Trials ; Statutes of the Realm ; 
Duckett, Penal Laws and Test Act: Dalrymple'S Memoirs: D'Avanx's Dis- 
patches; Carstares' State Papers and Letters ; Shrewsbury Correspondence. 

Secondary Authorities : Hale, Fall of the Stuarts ; Green, IV, 6 ff . ; Macau- 
lay, Hist, of England : Ranke, Hist, of England, IV; Creasy, 274-302; Tay- 
lor, II; Hallani, II, 26G ff. ; Gneist, Hist. Parliament; lb., Constitution, II, 
305 ft'.; Klopp, Der Fall des Ha uses Stuart und die Succession des Houses Hanno- 
ver; Head, The Fallot Stuarts ; Mackintosh, 'History of the Revolution . . 
1688 ; Vaughan, Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty, II, 478 ff. 



Sect. XL The Age of Anne. 

I. Marlborough and the War of the " Spanish Succession." 

II. The Union with Scotland. 

III. Social Life. 

IV. Literature and Thought. 

REFERENCES. 

Adams and Stephens, 479-S3(Act of Union, 1707), 483-5 (Place Act. 
1707), 485-7 (Riot Act, 1715); Lee, 445-55 (Act of Union); Coxe, Memoirs of 
Marlborough; Morris. Age of Anne ; Burton, Reign of Anne ; Wyon, History 
of Great Britain during the Reign of Queen Anne; Makiunon, The Union of 
England and Scotland ; Wolseley, Life of John Churchill; Thompson, Me- 
moirs of Sarah Duchess of Marlborough ; Collins, Bolingbrook and Voltaire : 
lives of Bolingbroke, by Brosch, Harrop, Hassall, and Macknight; Green 
IV; Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century ; Ashto\i,'Social Life in the Reign 
of Anne ; and the works of Oldmixon and Boyer. 



26 



CHAPTER II. 

The Development of Parliamentary and Cabinet Govern- 
ment, 1760-1902 



Sect. 1. General Characteristics of the Reign of George 
III, 1760-1820. 

I. Character and education of George III. 

1. Personal traits (see Thackeray's Four Georges) ; his in- 

tellect. 

2. Bias given by his education; influence of his mother; 

of Bute. 

3. His policy and character as compared with the first two 

Georges. 

4. Increase of the influence of the crown as the mark of 

his reign ; what progress had already been made 
(see May, I, 15 ff.). 
IT. The state of parliamentary representation : at the beginning of 
the reign the House of Commons did not represent the people. 

1. Because dominated by the Whig oligarchy (Green, IV, 

124, 210 ff., passim). 

a. Walpole ministry, 1721-1741 : character and 

policy of Walpole. 

b. Ministry of Cartaret (Lord Granville), 1741-1744. 

c. Henry Pelham, 1744-1754. 

d. Duke of Newcastle, 1754-1756 (brother of II. 

Pelham) . 

e. William Pitt, 1756-1761 : Newcastle at head of 

treasury; popularity of Pitt; his policy; his 
oratory ; elements of his greatness. 

2. Because of its composition. 

a. Restrictions on the electoral franchise. 

b. Borough representation. 

1. Creation of parliamentary boroughs by 

royal charter in reign of Charles II 
(see May). 

2. "Pocket," "nomination," and "rotten 

boroughs " ; sale of seats controlled 
by peers. 

3. Official influence in large towns. 

4. Disfranchisement of lame cities. 



27 

c. Conservative control of county representation. 

d. Condition of Scotch and Irish representation. 

e. Dishonest trial of election petitions : The Gren- 

ville Act; the present law (see May). 

III. How George III secured control of the House of Commons. 

1. By sale of seats ; the "Nabobs." 

2. By the distribution of otilces, civil, military, and judi- 

cial ; history of acts restricting. 

3. By distribution of pensions : legal and secret pensions ; 

restrictive legislation (see Creasy and May). 

4. By direct bribery, under Bute, Grenville, Rockingham, 

and North (see May). 

5. By public loans and by lotteries. 

IV. How George III subdivided the Whig factions and asserted 
the right both to reign and govern, 1760-1770. 

1. Theory of government. 

a. Meaning of ministerial responsibility ; of the 

maxim, " The king should have no politics, 
can do no wrong." 

b. Danger of the doctrine asserted by George III. 

2. The succession of Whig ministries or factions. 

a. Last days of the Pitt ministry, 1760-1 ; two-fold 

cause of the fall. 

b. Bute ministry, 1762-3 : character of Bute ; signifi- 

cance of his being a Scot (see Letters of 
Junius) . 

c. Grenville, 1763-1765: character; the stamp act. 

d. Rockingham, 1765-1766 : leader of main branch 

of the Whigs. 

e. Chatham, 1766-8., 

1. Attempts to form a ministry, 1763, 1765 : 
why did he fail ? 

2. On what principle was the ministry 

formed, 1766 ? 

3. He retires, 1767; Grafton remains acting 

premier. 

4. Pitt and the American war. 

/. Lord North, 1770-1782: the king triumphant; 
character and intellect of North. 

GENERAL REFERENCES FOR THE AGE OF GEORGE III. 

Source Materials : Adams and Stephens. 492 ft'.; Calendar of Home Office 
Papers, 1760-75, o vols.; Cobbett'S Parliamentary History: Hansard's Debates ; 
Woodfall, Letters of Junius ; YValpole, Memoirs of the Court of George II; lb , 



28 

Memoirs of the Court of George ILL; Letters; Hervey, Memoirs: Russell, Me- 
morials and Correspondence of Charles fames Fox ; Wilkes, North Briton; 
Donne's Correspondence between George III and Lord JVorth : Statutes of the 
Realm ; and the other materials mentioned in the " Select Bibliography." 

Secondary Authorities : Mahon, Historv of England (1713-83); Massey, Hist, of 
England during the Reign of George III; Adolphus, Historv of England (1760- 
1820); Lecky, England in the 18 th Centurv, III, 1-288; May, Constitutional His- 
tory, I, 15 ft'., 263-5 (parliamentary representation) ; Green, IV, 137 ft'., 156 
ft., 166 ft'., 176 ft". (Pitt), 197 ft'. (George III and America), 213 (George III and 
Parliament); Hosmer, Anglo-Saxon Liberty, chap, xiii; Trevelyan, American 
Revolution ; lb., Early History of Charles fames Fox; Russell, Life and Times of 
. . Fox ; Stanhope, Life of . . William Pitt ; Fitzgerald, Life and Times of 
fohn Wilkes ; Waite, Life of the Duke of Wellington ; Goldvvin Smith, United 
Kingdom, II, 195 ft'.; Earle, English Premiers from Sir Robert Walpole to Robert 
Peel ; Adams, Eng. Party Leaders and Eng. Parties from Walpole to Peel. 



Sect. II. The Relations of the Parliament to the Crown, 
the Law, and the People (May, I, ch. vii., 364-463). 

I. The struggle with Wilkes : abuse of parliamentary privilege 
and violation of liberty of the subject. 

I. Parliament of 1763-1768. 

a. The alleged libel in " North Briton," No. 45. 

General character of the "North Briton." 

b. "General warrants": arrest of Wilkes and the 

printers (May, II, 245 ff., Ill ff. ) ; general 
search warrants declared illegal (May, II, 
249-252). 

c. Illegal proceedings in the Commons ; proceedings 

in the King's Bench : Wilkes outlawed and 
absconds; he is expelled from the House; 
actions for damage (May, II, 247-9; I, 364 
ff.) 

d. Proceedings in the Lords : The Essay on Woman 

and the Vent Creator; the Droit Le Roy (May, 
I, 369; II, 111). 
2. Parliament of 1768-1774. 

a. Imprisonment by King's Bench, 1768, for out- 
lawry and libel. 

b- Elected for Middlesex : his expulsion ; grounds 
of; rights of constituents violated (Ma} 7 , I, 
370-1). 

c. Wilkes thrice reelected ; the case of seating Col. 
Lutrell (May, I, 374-5). 

cl. Efforts to reverse proceedings of the Commons ; 
position of Chatham ; of Grenville, Rocking- 
ham, and others. 



29 

II. The struggle for publication of debates. 

1. The privilege of excluding strangers; origin and relaxa- 

tion of the right (May. I. 38 1 ff.) 

2. Exclusions, 1770 (May, I, 386-88); contest between 

the Houses. 

3. Contest of the Commons with the printers, 1771. 

a. Progress of reportiug and publication of debates. 

b. Misrepresentations of reporters (May, I, 392-4). 

c. Complaints against Thompson and W neble, 1771 ; 

against others. 

d. Struggle with the Mayor and aldermen of London. 

e. Liberty of reporting established ; present state of 

the law. 
,/. Publication of division lists. 

III. Publication of parliamentary reports and papeis. 

1. Publication of statistical and financial reports. 

2. Publication of other documents. 

IV. Petitions to Parliament. 

1. The practice in the Middle Ages. 

2. Petitions to the Long Parliament. 

3. Practice after restoration ; petitions restrained by statute 

(May, I, 411). 

4. Petitions,^ KhSN- 1771) : little use of. 

5. Origin of modern system, 1779 ; the Gordon petitions 

and riots. 

6. Petitions for Parliamentary reform and abolition of 

slave trade, 1782; the practice to 1*24. 

7. Increase of number of petitions since 1824. 

8. 1839: Debates on presentation of petitions foibidden 

by statute (May, I, 417). 

V. Pledges of members, 

1. Kise of the practice. 

2. The importance of the principle involved. 

VI. Privileges abandoned. 

1. Those of servants, 1770. 

2. Immunity of members and servants from distress of 

goods and civil suits abandoned, 1772. 

3. Kneeling of prisoners at the bar abandoned, 1772. 

4. Privilege and the courts. 

a. The Burdett case, 1810. 

b. The Hansard cases, 1836 ff. ; question of right 

of Parliament to publish papers affecting 
character. 

c. The act of 3 and 4 Victoria (May, I, 426-7). 

d. The case of Howard vs. Gosset. 



30 

REFERENCES. 

Adams and Stephens, 492-3 (decisions on general warrants ; Howell, 
State Trials, vol. XIX, pp, 1026-7, 1067); May, I, II (as cited) ; Taylor, II; 
Green, IV, 220 fl'.; 243 ff.; Palgrave's House of Commons, 111 ft'.; Rogers, 
Historical Cleanings, 131-185; Taswell-Langmead, 771 ft'.; Ransome, 222 ft'. ; 
Lecky, III, 76 ff., 139 ff. ; Bright, III, 1043 ff. ; Woodfall's Junius, I, 257 ff. 
(lette'r to George III) ; Wilkes. North Briton, I. 263-272 (No. 45); Fitzger- 
ald, Life and Times of John Wilkes. 



Sect. III. The Struggle for Reform of Parliamentary 
• Representation, 1766-1885. 

I. Social and political conditions at the beginning of the agitation 
for reform (May, 1, 310-312). 

1. Social degradation. 

2. Political corruption. 

3. " How popular principles were kept alive." 

II. Suggestions and unsuccessful attempts for reform, 1766-1830. 

1. Criticisms and suggestions of Chatham, 1766, 1770 

(Walpole, Memoirs, IV, 58). 

2. Scheme of Wilkes, 1776 : its enlightened principles. 

3. Duke of Richmond's Measure, 1780 : rejected without 

division : popular demands and petitions. 

4. Pitt's schemes. 

a. His motion for a committee of inquiry, 1782. 

b. His three resolutions, 1783 (May, I, 315 ff.). 

c. Favors the Yorkshire petition, 1784. 

d. His Bill, 1885 : its objectionable features. 

5. Flood's motion, 17'.»0. 

6. Plans of the "Friends of the People" headed by Grey 

and Erskine, 1792-1797 (May, I, 319-321). 

a. Grey's notice, 1792. 

b. His motions of 1793, 1797. 

7. Burdett's scheme, 1809 : electoral districts, franchise to 

be vested in male taxpayers; in 1818 he pro- 
poses universal male suffrage, ballot, equal election 
districts, etc. 

8. Lord John Russell's measures. 

a. 1820, three resolutions (May, I, 321). 

b. The Grampound disfranchisement bill, 1820, 

1821 (Adams and Stephens, 507-8). 

c. Motions of 1821, 1S22-3, 1826. 

9. Blandford's motion, 1829-1830. 



31 

III. The Reform act of 1832 (Adams and Stephens, 514-26). 

1. Immediate causes of the final struggle. 

a. Leicester and Northampton cases, 1*26-7. 

b. Penryn and East Retford cases, 1826-8; weak 

policy of opposition. 

c. Attempts to enfranchise Leeds, Birmingham, and 

Manchester, 1830: why resisted ? 

d. Death of George IV ; deposition of Charles X of 

France. 

2. Duke of Wellington's ministry; his foolish declaration 

cause of fall. 

3. Lord Grey's ministry : cause of dissolution of Parliament ? 

4. Debates on the three successive Reform Bills (see 

Molesworth, McCarthy, Heaton, and Walpole, as 
cited below) . 

5. Provisions of Act of 1832 ; as to counties, as to 

boroughs. 

6. Reform Acts for Ireland and Scotland (May, I, 340). 

IV. Reform agitations and measures, 1832-1867 (May, I, 340-363 ; 
Heaton, 133 ft). 

V. Reform bill of 1867, 1884, 1885 (Wilson, State, 396-8 ; May, 
II, 586 ff ; Heaton, 133 ff. ; McCarthy, Our Own Times, II, 
219 ff. ; Adams and Stephens, 553-5). 

VI. The ballot law, 1872: previous mode of election, its evils: 
significance of the change (Adams and Stephens, 540-3). 



REFEFENCES. 

Hansard's Debates ; Lee, 519-29; Grey, The Reform Act of 1832 j Moles- 
worth, Hist, of the Reform, Bill. 1832; Cox, History of the Reform Bills of 1S<!6 
and 1867; May, I, 310-63; II, 579 ff.; Wilson, State, 396-8; Taylor, II; 
Fonblanque, chap, v; Green, IV, 246 ff., 287, 292: McCarthy, Epoch of Re- 
form, 30-83; lb., Own Times, I, 58-9. 60, 180, II, 219 ff. ; Moles worth, Hist. 
Eng., I, 1-229; Walpole, Hist. Bug., Ill, chap, xi ; lb., Electorate and Legisla- 
tive, chap, iii; Heaton, Three Reforms ; Knight, England, VIII, 70 ff. ; Bright, 
England, IV, 1415-32; Gneist, Hist Bar.. 887 ff. ; Martineau, Hist, of the 
Peace, II, 413 ff. ; Boutray, 202 ff. ; Amos, 18, 33, 38, 107, 464; Grey, Pari. 
Gov't and Reform; Taswell-Langmead, 759 ff. ; Smith, Hist. Burl., II, 449 ff.; 
Goldwin Smith, United Kingdom, II, 341 It'.; Ward, Reign of Victoria, I, 25 
ft. ; McCarthy, Story of the People of England in the Nineteenth Century : Wal- 
pole, Life of Lord fohn Russell: Reid, Lord fohn Russell: Dunckley, Lord 
Melbourne; Myers, Lord Althori. See also the various works by Torrens and 
Lucy ; and the biographies of Peel, Derby, Disraeli, and Gladstone. 



32 

Sect. IV. The Struggle for Religious and Civil Liberty. 

I. Origin and history of Civic and Religions disabilities, to 1760 
(May, II, ch. xiii, pp. 291-313. See also preceding syllabi 
and references). 

1. Establishment of the Reformed church in England. 

a. Policy of Elizabeth : oaths of Supremacy and 

Comformity ; civil disabilities. 

b. Rise of non-conformity. 

c. Catholic faith associated with treason. 

d. Close connection of the church with the state. 

2. The Scotch Reformed Church; anomalous position of 

the Irish Protestant Church; reform forced upon 
Ireland. 

3. State of religious liberty under James I and Charles I. 

4. Restrictive legislation of the Restoration period ; perse- 

cutions. 

a. Corporation Act. 

b. Five Mile Act. 

c. Conventicle Act. 

d. Test Acts, 1765, 1773 (sacrament and renuncia- 

tion of transubstantiation for temporal office : 
Hallam, II, 151). 

5. Toleration Act, 1689. 

a. Does not repeal statutes exacting uniformity. 

b. Relieves dissenting ministers from various penal- 

ties (May, II, 305). 

c. Requires subscription to Thirty-nine Articles, 

except 4. 

d. Quakers indulged. 

e. No toleration for Unitarians or Catholics ; Act of 

1760 against Catholics (May, II, 306). 

6. Oath of Abjuration, 13 W. I. (Hallam, II, 403). 

7. Cruel laws against Catholics of Irelaud ; and those of 

England, 1700-1760. 
S. How Dissenters evaded the laws. 

a. "Occasional Conformity." 

b. " Acts of Indemnity" (May, II, 308). 

9. State of the church and religion at the accession of 
George III ; influence of Wesley and Whitefield ; 
revival of old dissenting sects ; state of Irish and 
Scotch churches. 



33 

Sect. V. The Struggle for Religious And Civil Liberty 

(Continual) . 

I. Progress of Agitation and Legislation, 1810-1820 (May, II, 
ch. xiii). 

1. Why the Regent disappointed the hope of reformers. 

2. Relief to Protestant dissenting ministers, 1812; and to 

. Unitarians, 1813. 

3. Various efforts to relieve Catholics; work of Grattan, 

Canning, and Plnukett. 

4. Relief of naval and military oflicers in England, 1813- 

1817 (May, II, 356). 

5. Failure to relieve from declaration against transubstan- 

tiation, 1819. Death of Grattan, 1820. 

II. The reign of George IV, 1820-1830 : Emancipation secured. 

1. Roman Catholic Peers Bill rejected, 1822. 

2. Ineffectual attempts to amend the marriage laws, 1819- 

1827. 

3. Death of Canning, 1827. 

4. The final struggle, 1828-9. 

a. Relief of Dissenters by repeal of the Corporations 

and Test Acts, 1828. 

1. Position of the Wellington ministry. 

2. Liberality of the English bishops. 

3. Bigotry of certain lay peers. 

4. Substance of the act ; significance of the 

declaration : "On the true faith of a 
Christian." 

b. Emancipation of the Catholics, 1829 (Adams and 

Stephens, 510-13; Lee, 497-518). 

1. Influence of the (Clare) election of O'Con- 

nell, 1824 (May, II, 371). 

2. Influence of the " Catholic Association." 

3. Opposition of the King and Bishops. 

4. The three measures carried. 

a. Abolition of the association. 

b. Emancipation. 

c. Reform of Irish franchise. 

III. Removal of Jewish disabilities. 

1. Nature of Jewish disabilities (May, II, 383). 

2. Grant's motions, 1830-1834 (May, II, 383-386). 

3. 1839 : admitted to oath. 

4. 1845 : admitted to corporations. 

5. Admission to Parliament. 

a. Case of Baron Rothschild, 1849-50. 



34 

b. Case of Mr. Solomons, 1851. 

c. Attempt to admit by declaration, 1857. 

d. Disabilities Act passed, 1858 (Adams and 
Stephens, 531-2). 

IV. The struggle for the abolution of compulsory tithes 
(McCarthy, Epoch of Reform, ch. viii ; May, II. 402 ff., 598). 

1. The struggle, 1832-3 (see McCarthy) : the questions of 

the appropriation of surplus revenue and com- 
mutation. 

2. The Braintree cases, 1837-1853 (see May). 

3. Compulsory rates abolished, 1868 (May, II, 598). 

V. Irish Church disestablished, 1869. 

1. History of the Church in England (May, II, 444-459). 

2. Maynooth College established. 

3. Disestablishment of the Church, 1869. 



Sect. VI. The Struggle for Econojiic Emancipation. 

A. Relief of the Working Classes. 

I. Legislation relating to work in Mines (Ward's Victoria, I, 
58-9, II, 49-50, 63-5; Molesworth, II, 83-4; McCarthy's Epoch 
of Reform, 93-98 ; Walpole, IV, 372; especially Hodder's Life 
of Shaftesbury, I, 137-139, 413-51, II, 356, III, 386-7, passim). 

1. Child-jobbing for miues and factories (Hodder, I, 137-9 ; 

Molesworth, II, 84). 

2. Horrible state of children and women in mines (Hodder, 

1, 413 ff. ; Walpole, IV, 372-3). The work of the 
Earl of Shaftesbury. 

3. The Commission of Inquiry, 1840 ; its report. 

4. The Miues and Collieries Bill, 1842 (Hodder, I, 429 ff.) 

a. Speech of Shaftesbury. 

b. Opposition of Cobden ; relation of the mines and 

factory agitation to the Charlist and Corn 
Law movements. 

c. Indifference of Lords (Hodder, I, 429-30). 

d. Substance of the Act (Ward, II, 64; Moles- 

worth, II, 84-5; McCarthy, 96-7): employ- 
ment of girls and women under ground pro- 
hibited ; and that of boys under ten years. 

e. Later acts (Ward, II, 64-5). 

II. Factory Legislation (Ward, I, 57 ff. ; II, 53 ff. ; McCarthy, 
93 ff.; Walpole, IV, 356-63; Hodder, I, 131-169, 451 ff., and 
index at Factory Legislation; May, II, 567). 



35 

1.' Relation of the old paternal and restrictive systems to 
the new doctrine of state socialism. 

2. Degraded condition and general distress of the English 

working classes (Ward, II, 47-53; Walpole, IV, 
358-364; Hodder, I, 130 ft'.). . 

3. Horrors of the factory system (Hodder, I, 139) ; the 

abuse of apprenticeship ; hosiery trade (Ward). 

4. Early legislation (Ward, II, 50-4; Hodder, 1, 141 ff.). 

a. The first Sir Robert Peel's Act, 1802, for relief 

of apprentices (Hodder, I, 14). 

b. Peel's Act, 1819 ; use of children under nine 

prohibited ; young persons under s'xteen 
limited to twelve hours. 

c. Hobhouse's Act, 1825. 

5. General movement for short hours and reform, 1830 

(Ward, II, 53 ff. ; Hodder, I, 143 ff., II, 188 ff.). 

a. Richard Oastler's letter to the Leeds' Mercury, 

1830; work of Sadler. 

b. The Ten-hour Bill, 1831-3 (work of Shaftesbury). 

c. The Poor Law Conspiracy. 

d. Ten Hours Act passed, 1847 (Hodder, II, 188 

ff.). 
III. Relief of the chimney sweeps : Shaftesbury's work (see Hod- 
der, index). 

B. The Corn Laws and the Struggle for their Abolition 

McCarthy's Epoch, 175-193; McCarthy's Own Times, I, chap. XIV: Moles- 
worth, II, 178-251, 112 ff. : Walpole, LV.1392-9; Martineau, index ; May, II, 183, 
572-3, 81, 239; Bright, IV: Knight, VIII: Muller, Pol. Hist., index; Fyffe, 
Modern Europe, index; Bisset, Anti-Corn Law Struggle. 

I. Origin and development of restrictive legislation to 1838. 

1. Tha law of 1815. 

a. Based on that of 1770. 

b. Substance : Practically forbids importation of 

foreign wheat until home price shall reach 80s. 
the quarter (8 bu.). 

c. Land owner's measure and hostile to trade. , 

d. Results : price sinks to 45 s. : causes (Walpole, 

IV, 392, note 1). 

2. Law of 1822 : imports forbidden until price reaches 

70s. 

3. The law of 1828. 

a. The sliding scale : this is the Tory plan as 
opposed to the policy of fixed import rates of 
Russell and the Whigs. 

h. Results (Walpole, IV, 394). 



36 

II. The Corn Laws and victory. 

1. The effect on economic legislation of the Reform Act of 

1832. 

2. Hume's motion lost, 1834; motion for repeal of the corn 

laws lost, 1837 : signs of a change of sentiment. 

3. Origin of the League. 

o. The London Association of 1836. 

b. The Manchester Association of 1838 ; rise of 

Cobclen and Bright ; work of Villiers ; the 
League formed. 

c. The industrial depression of 1837-1842; high 

prices of grain ; distress (Walpole, IV, 362 ; 
Wright's Report on Industrial Depressions ; 
McCarthy's Epoch, 178-9). 

d. Work of the League ; circulars, lectures, and 

meetings; "taxed" and "untaxed" loaves 
(Walpole, IV, 397); growing minorities for 
Villiers' motions. 

4. The Whig ministry of Melbourne superseded by the 

Conservative ministry of Sir Robert Peel, 1841-6. 

a. Anomaly of Peel's position ; his gradual conver- 

sion to free trade (McCarthy's Epoch, 185). 

b. Continued struggle to 1845. 

c. The Irish Potato Famine, 1845, and its effect 

(McCarthy's Epoch, 180; McCarthy's Oicn 
Times, ch. 17; Molesworth, II, 205). 

d. The measure carried, 1846. 

e. The rise of Disraeli ; his speech against Peel 

marks his leadership of Tory protectionist 
party (see McCarthy's Own Times). 

5. Repeal of sugar duties and navigation laws, 1846-1849 

(Molesworth, II, 157 ff . ; McCarthy's Epoch, 
189 ff.). 

C. The Struggle for the People's Charter (Chartism), 1837-1848. 

(Molesworth, II, chap. V ff., 252 ff. ; McCarthy's Epoch, 193-208 ; Mc- 
Carthy's Own Times, I, S4-103, II, 9-38, chap. 18; Walpole, IV, 379-92; Mar- 
tinean, index; Bright, III, IV; Knight, VIII; Fyffe, Modern Europe, index: 
Muller, Pol. Hist., index ; Gammage, The Chartist Movement. 

I. Origin of the Movement. 

1. Dissatisfaction of the laboring classes with the Reform 

Act of 1832 ; Russell's declaration that reform was 
closed. 

2. Early agitation for the Chartist principles : Paine, Tooke, 

Grey (Walpole, IV, 380-1); Burdett, Cobbett, 
Hunt, and others, 1817-1832. 



37 

3. Distress causes a revival of the movement iu 1837-8. 

a. The name given by O'Conuell. 

//. The Birmingham meeting. 

c. The Six Points : ballot, universal suffrage (man- 
hood suffrage), annual parliaments, abolition 
of property qualification for members of Par- 
liament, payment of members, electoral 
districts. 

II. History of the Movement, 1837-1811. 

1. 1838: monster meetings; proposed suppression; Rus- 

sell defends (Walpole, IV, 182-3). 

2. Attorney-General Campbell's funeral oration, 1839 (see 

McCarthy). 

3. Meeting of 200,000 at Kersal Moor. 

a. Incendiary speeches of Stephens ("Walpole, IV, 

383-4). 
/'. Arrest, trial, and conviction of Stephens, 
c. Petitions presented by Fielden and Lord Stanhope 

to Parliament. 

4. Leaders : Feargus O'Connor ; Lovett, Secretary of 

Workingmen's Association ; Vincent, a com- 
positor ; Ernest Jones, on Northern Star 
(Walpole, IV, 384). 

5. The National Convention in London ; petition rejected 

by the Commons : causes riots. 

6. Riots in Birmingham, lSZf; the city sacked ; police and 

army strengthened ; Vincent and Lovett sentenced ; 
other measures and convictions. 

7. Frost and the march on Newport, in South Wales, 183^. 

a. Failure of the attack. 

b. Trial of Frost and others. 

III. The second movement. 1848. 

1. The year of revolution, 1848. 

2. The Chartist Convention in London. 

3. Meeting on Kennington Common, April 10, 1848; the 

petition to Parliament (McCarthy's Own Times, II, 
16). 

4. Collapse of the movement. 

5. Coincidence of Chartism with the "Young Ireland" 

movement (see McCarthy's two works). 

REFERENCES. 
In addition to the literature above cited, HansardVs Debates, the Statutes, 
and the " Bills Public." " Reports," and other materials comprised in the Brit- 
ish, Documents (" Blue Books") are in constant requisition. See also the docu- 
ments contained in Lee, 530-41 : and consult Rogers, Public Addresses of John 
Bright; Vince, John Bright; Apjohn. Richard Gobden and the Free Traders; 
Schwabe, Reminiscencs of Richard Cobden; Traill, Social England, VI. 



;;,s 



Sect. VII. The Elements of Cabinet-Parliamentary 
Government. 

I. General Principles (Traill, Central Government, 1-2.) 

1. Meaning of Parliamentary, cabinet, and monarchical 

government respectively. 

2. Inter-relation of monarchy, ministry, and Parliament. 

a. Before 1688: king governed; since 1688, he is 

"irresponsible" and "can do no wrong;" 
but for a time coutrolled foreign and military 
affairs. 

b. Ministers have seats in Parliament, belong to the 

party of the majority in Commons, and are 
responsible. This principle was recognized, 
1696 ; formally declared (by Lord Rochester), 
1711. 

II. Development of the Cabinet (Traill, Central Government, chap, 
ii). 

1. The cabinet is in theory practically a committee of the 

privy council, and as a cabinet is not known to the 
law. (But see Anson, as cited). 
". Rise of the Privy Couucil and its original im- 
portance. 

b. Attempt of Lord Clarendon (under Charles II) 

to revive the Privy Council : four committees 
constituted ; that for foreign affairs absorbs 
nearly all functions. 

c. Attempt of Sir W. Temple to revive it, 1679 : to 

consist of thirty members ; Temple gives it up 
and forms an inner council (Anson, II). 

d. Privy Council exists : 

1. As a legislative body under authority of 

Parliament. 

2. As an administrative body, but acts in 

certain committees (to be mentioned 
later) . 

3. Frivy Council, as a body, may not meet, 

except under presidency of the sover- 
eign. 

2. Difference between the " ministry" and the " cabinet." 

3. Stages in the growth of the cabinet (Traill, 24). 

a. Before Charles I, it was an irregular camarilla : 
no authoritative position separate from the 
Privy Council. 



39 

b. Under Charles I and Charles II, it was called 

"cabinet;" without recognized status. 

c. From William III to ca. 1783, it was the de 

facto, not the dejure, executive; but regarded 
with jealousy. 

d. In the nineteenth century, it attains full devel- 

opment, resting on the following principles 
(Traill, 24-5). 

1. Cabinet consisting of members of Parlia- 

ment. 

2. Of ministers of same political views, chosen 

from the party of majority in the 
Commons. 

3. Ministers to pi-osecute a concerted policy. 

4. Under common responsibility. 

5. Under common subordination to one chief, 

the Premier. 

III. Composition of the cabinet and ministry. 

1. The appointment of the cabinet ^Wilson, State, 383 ff. ; 

Anson, II, 122). 

2. The Prime Minister or Premier; slow evolution of the 

office (Traill, 21-3; Anson, II, 116-122). 

a. Relation to his colleagues. 

b. Relation to the crown. 

3. Members of the cabinet (20 in number, 1902: States- 

man's year book, 9-11). 

a. Prime Minister and Lord Privy Seal. 

b. Lord Chancellor. 

c. Lord President of the Council. 

d. First Lord of the Treasury. 

e. Chancellor of the Exchequer. 

/. The five Secretaries of Slate : for Home Affairs, 
Foreign Affairs, Colonies, India, and War. 

g. First Lord of Admiralty. 

h. President of Board of Trade, President of the 
Board of Agriculture, Chief Secretary for Ire- 
land, President of Local Government Board, 
Secretary for Scotland. 

i. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Chancellor of 
Ireland, First Commissioner of Works, Post- 
master General. 

4. Rule as to re-election of a member of the Commons who 

enters the cabinet? How may a member resign? 
The " Chiltern Hundreds." 



40 

5. When must a ministry resign? "What is the effect of 

resignation on Parliament? 

6. Theory of united responsibility ; of individual responsi- 

bility. 

7. Rules of Procedure in cabinet deliberations. 

8. Initiative of the cabinet in legislation. 

IV. The Administrative department. 

1. The five great "offices" of State (Wilson, 387-8; 

Traill, 55-162; Anson, II, 137 ft'.). 

2. The Treasury (Wilson, 389-90 ; Traill, 31-54 ; Anson, 

II, 161). 

a. Evolution of the Department. 

b. Relation of Chancellor of the Exchequer and the 

First Lord of the Treasury. 

c. Subordinate to the Treasury is the office of Public 

Works. 

3. The Admiralty Board or Naval Office. 

a. A commission of six members. 

b. Composed of the First Lord and five Junior Lords 

of the Admiralty. 

4. The Board of Trade. 

«. In form a committee of the Privy Council. 

h. Composed of a President who possesses practi- 
cally all the powers and of certain members 
ex officio (Wilson, 388). 

c. Functions : oversees commercial affairs ; super- 

intends state railways ; inspects passenger and 
merchant vessels ; is the Statistical Bureau of 
the Kingdom, etc. 

5. Local Government Board: practically the English De- 

partment of the Interior (Wilson, 389). 

a. In form a committee of the Privy Council. 

b. Composed, like Board of Trade, of a President 

and members ex officio with same relative 
powers. 

c. Functions. 

1. General. 

2. Special; includes post-office and telegraph 

(Wilson, 389). 

6. Departments of the Privy Council. 

a. The Educational Department. 

b. The Agricultural Department. 



41 

REFERENCES. 

Traill, Central Government, chaps. I, II; Maeaulay, 1,232; Wilson's State, 
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42 



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* Lack of space prevents anything like a complete list, especially for the nineteenth 
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